Mesothelioma Cancer Basics
By LocateADoc.com Medical Staff Writers
Types And Definition
Mesothelioma is rare form of cancer, affecting
about 2,000 Americans a year, found in the sac-like lining around many of the
body's internal organs. The most common form is pleural mesothelioma, which is
cancer of the lining surrounding the lungs. This type accounts for about 60% of
all cases. Other types include mesothelioma of the peritoneum (lining around the
abdomen), occurring at about a 40% rate, and the pericardium (lining around the
heart), which accounts for only a fraction of all cases. The only known cause of
mesothelioma is exposure to asbestos mineral fibers. Mesothelioma, as well as
other asbestos-related diseases, lays dormant in the body from 20-50 years or
more after original asbestos exposure.
Mesothelioma is found in the body in two forms:
benign and malignant. Benign mesothelioma is non-cancerous and can usually be
removed and cured through surgery. Malignant mesothelioma is cancerous, and a
very aggressive disease. The life expectancy for patients diagnosed with
malignant mesothelioma ranges from 4-24 months since this cancer is difficult to
treat and spreads rapidly.
Symptoms
Because the symptoms associated with
mesothelioma are common to many diseases and illnesses, it is often difficult to
diagnose mesothelioma in its early stages. The earliest symptoms are usually
chest or abdominal pain and difficulty breathing. Other symptoms include:
Pleural Mesothelioma
- Coughing and coughing up blood
- Fever
- Difficulty sleeping
- Swelling of face and arms
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle weakness
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Weight loss
- Swelling of lower extremities
- Impaired bowel function
Diagnosis
If symptoms point toward mesothelioma and you
have had previous asbestos exposure, it is important to visit a doctor for
thorough examination. Diagnostic steps include:
- Asses clinical and radiological findings
- Review medical history (including history of
asbestos exposure)
- Complete physical
- Chest or abdomen X-ray
- Lung function test
- CT scan or MRI
- Biopsy (when proven necessary)
Imaging tests such as MRI and CT scans and
fluid samples are tools used by doctors in the early stages of diagnosis, but
are usually inconclusive. For proper and definitive diagnosis tests are usually
done on tissue samples taken during biopsy and evaluated by pathologists. Needle
biopsy, done using a local anesthetic, involves tissue removal with minimally
invasive surgery. The more definitive, preferred, open biopsy is preformed with
the use of a general anesthetic and the abdominal or chest cavity is opened
allowing the surgeon to remove a larger sample to be tested.
Treatment
Treatment of mesothelioma depends on location
of the cancer and age and medical history of the patient. The three types of
treatments are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Depending on the
seriousness and stage of the disease, treatment will often times involve a
combination of two or more of these treatments.
Surgery
Surgery is the most common remedy for patients
with benign mesothelioma. If it is caught early enough, the tumor can be removed
before the disease turns deadly. For patients with malignant mesothelioma,
surgery is used to remove part of the lining around the chest or abdomen and
some of the tissue around it. In some cases, doctors may choose to remove an
entire lung or the diaphragm. Surgery is used in patients with the malignant
form of the disease to reduce pain and to keep the cancer from spreading.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill
cancer cells and shrink tumors. This therapy is concentrated on targeted areas
as rays affect cancer cells only in treated areas. The treatment can come either
from a machine or from putting materials that produce radiation through plastic
tubes into areas where cancer cells exist.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the use of anti-cancer drugs
given to patients to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Most drugs are given
to patients through an I.V. There are many different drugs that doctors use to
combat mesothelioma. Based on age, medical history, and your particular disease,
your doctor will create a drug regimen to combat your particular case. In many
instances doctors will have to try several different drugs and combinations to
find the right mix. In advanced stages of mesothelioma surgery and radiation are
no longer options.
What's New In Chemotherapy
Doctors and cancer researchers are continually
coming up with new drugs that they hope will defeat or regress cancer and reduce
pain in suffering in patients. The newest drug discovery that is found to help
patients with mesothelioma is Alimta, produced by Eli Lilly &CO. Given in
combination with Cisplatin, a standard chemotherapy agent, Alimta is proven to
help patients with asbestos related diseases live longer. This new drug,
approved by the FDA on February 5, 2004, helps doctors treat patients with
malignant pleural mesothelioma. Side effects of this drug include anemia,
vomiting, nausea, fatigue, pain, and skin rash. To help reduce severity of these
side effect patients receive intramuscular injections of vitamin B12.
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